#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
#define rep(i, a, b) for (int i = (a); i <= (b); i++)
#define per(i, a, b) for (int i = (a); i >= (b); i--)
#define endl '\n'
const int N = 2e5 + 5;

int n, m;
int a[N];

int main() {
  ios::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(0), cout.tie(0);
  int t;
  cin >> t;
  rep(i, 1, t) {
    int d, k;
    cin >> d >> k;
    int p = 1;
    for (int j = 1; j < d; j++) {
      if (k & 1) {
        k = (k + 1) / 2;
        p = p * 2;
      } else {
        k = k / 2;
        p = p * 2 + 1;
      }
    }
    cout << p << endl;
  }
  return 0;
}